Item Details

Where Skin Meets Fin: The Mermaid as Myth, Monster and Other-Than-Human Identity

Issue: Vol 26 No. 3 (2013) Rethinking Religion and the Non/Human

Journal: Journal for the Academic Study of Religion

Subject Areas: Religious Studies Buddhist Studies Islamic Studies Biblical Studies

DOI: 10.1558/jasr.v26i3.303

Abstract:

Mermaids have persisted as a feature of popular culture for centuries as one of the most multivalent of all mythical creatures. The mermaid blurs the boundary between woman and fish, femininity and carnality, land and sea, human and other. She is also held to be an astral entity in various metaphysical circles, in the mermaiding industry she is often marketed as an ambassador for marine preservation, and in the general pervasiveness of this character, competing with inhuman beings such as vampires, werewolves, and angels in the heavily mediated realm of contemporary culture, the mermaid represents an additional opportunity to invest in an other-than-human identity. This paper explores the development of the mermaid and how she has been conceived of as ‘other’. It then questions how ‘otherness’, traditionally understood to be something different or deviant with regard to gender, sexuality, race, species, or divinity, may be of value in the explicitly human project of personal meaning-making. By looking to the ‘mermaider’ community, a fandom for mermaid mythology, it can be seen that mermaid identity offers a sense of re-enchantment, a path to reifying an authentic subjectivity, and a mode by which the other-than-human self is seen as a sacred self.

Author: Venetia Laura Delano Robertson

View Original Web Page

References :

Andersen, Hans Christian
2005 [1837] The Little Mermaid. In The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen, edited and translated by Diana Crone Frank and Jeffrey Frank, 78-104. Duke University Press, Durham.
Bartholomaeus Anglicus
1893 [1240] Medieval Lore: An Epitome of the Science, Geography, Animal and Plant Folklore and Myth of the Middle Age: Being Classified Gleanings from the Encyclopedia of Bartholomew Anglicus On the Properties of Things, edited by Robert Steele. E. Stock, London.
Bennett, Sid (dir.)
2011 Mermaids: The Body Found. Darlow Smithson Productions, USA.
Benwell, Gwen, and Arthur Waugh
1961 Sea Enchantress: The Tail of the Mermaid and Her Kin. Hutchinson & Co., London.
Blasberg, Derek
2011 Lady Gaga: The Interview. Harper’s Bazaar. Online: http://www.harpersbazaar.com/magazine/feature-articles/lady-gaga-interview (accessed September 30, 2013).
Braidotti, Rosi
1996 Signs of Wonder and Traces of Doubt: On Teratology and Embodied Differences. In Between Monsters, Goddesses and Cyborgs, edited by Nina Lykke and Rosi Braidotti, 135-148. Zed Books, London.
2000 Teratologies. In Deleuze and Feminist Theory, edited by Ian Buchanan and Claire Colebrook, 156-179. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Cavendish, Lucy, and Serene Conneeley
2011 Mermaid Magic: Connecting with the Energy of the Ocean and the Healing Power of Water. Blessed Bee, Newtown.
Clarke, Peter
2006 New Religions in Global Perspective. Routledge: Oxon.
Conway, D. J.
2005 Magickal Mermaids and Water Creatures. The Career Press, New Jersey.
Cohen, Jeffrey J.
1996 Monster Culture (Seven Theses). In Monster Theory: Reading Culture, edited by Jeffrey J. Cohen, 3-25. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
2003 Medieval Identity Machines. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Cooper, Suzanne Fagence
2009 The Liquefaction of Desire: Music, Water and Femininity in Victorian Aestheticism. Women: A Cultural Review, 20(2): 186-201. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09574040903000845.
Diamonds of the Sea
2013 Merman Ornaments. Online: http://www.diamondsofthesea.com/december-diamonds-merman-christmas-ornaments.aspx (accessed February 28, 2013).
Ducharme, Eric
n.d. The MerTailor. Online: https://www.themertailor.com/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
Essig, Laurie
2005 The Mermaid and the Heterosexual Imagination. In Thinking Straight: The Power, the Promise and the Paradox of Heterosexuality, edited by Chrys Ingraham, 151-164. Routledge, London.
Fraser, Hannah
n.d. Hannah Mermaid. Online: http://www.hannahfraser.com/mermaid/ (accessed February 28, 2013).
Gn, Joel
2011 Queer Simulation: The Practice, Performance and Pleasure of Cosplay. Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 25(4): 583-593. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2011.582937.
Haraway, Donna
2008 Foreword: Companion Species, Mis-recognition, and Queer Worlding. In Queering the Non/Human, edited by Noreen Giffney and Myra J. Hird, xxiii-xxvi. Ashgate, Aldershot/Burlington.
Hawke, Shé Mackenzie
2013 Aquamater: A Genealogy of Water. Feminist Review, 103: 120-132. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.2012.29.
Herald Sun
2012 Mermaids Do Not Exist, U.S. Government Declares. (July 4). Online: http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/mermaids-do-not-exists-us-government-declares/story-fnd134gw-1226416353704 (accessed February 28, 2013).
Hume, Lynne, and Kathleen McPhillips (eds)
2006 Popular Spiritualties: The Politics of Contemporary Enchantment. Ashgate, Aldershot.
Irigaray, Luce
1991 The Marine Lover of Friedrich Nietzsche. Columbia University Press, New York.
Jobling, J’Annine
2010 Fantastic Spiritualties: Monsters, Heroes, and the Contemporary Supernatural. T&T Clark, London.
Johnston, Jay
2013 On Having a Furry Soul: Transpecies Identity and Ontological Indeterminacy in Otherkin Subcultures. In Animal Death, edited by Jay Johnston and Fiona Probyn-Rapsey, 293-306. Sydney University Press, Sydney.
Kirby, Danielle
2013 Fantasy and Belief: Alternative Religions, Popular Narratives and Digital Cultures. Equinox, Bristol.
Kokai, Jennifer
2011 Weeki Wachee Girls and Buccaneer Boys: The Evolution of Mermaids, Gender, and ‘Man versus Nature’ Tourism. Theatre History Studies, 31: 67-89. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ths.2011.0000.
Langdon, John H.
1997 Umbrella Hypotheses and Parsimony in Human Evolution: A Critique of the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis. Journal of Human Evolution, 33(4): 479-494. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1997.0146.
Laycock, Joseph
2010 Real Vampires as an Identity Group: Analyzing Causes and Effects of an Introspective Survey by the Vampire Community. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 14(1): 4-23. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.4.
Levi, Steven C.
1977 P.T. Barnum and the Feejee Mermaid. Western Folklore, 36(2): 149-154.
MacCormack, Patricia
2012 Posthuman Teratology. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous, edited by Asa Mittman and Peter Dendle, 293-309. Ashgate, Surrey.
Mission of Mermaids
2013 Online: http://www.missionofmermaids.com/ (accessed February 28, 2013).
NOAA
2012 Are Mermaids Real? National Ocean Service. Online: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/mermaids.html (accessed February 28, 2013).
Partridge, Christopher
2004 The Re-Enchantment of the West, vol. 1. T&T Clark, London.
Peterson, Brenda
2013 The New Wave for Women and Girls: IN Mermaids, OUT Vampires. Huffington Post. Online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brenda-peterson/mermaids_b_2535367.html (accessed February 28, 2013).
Possamai, Adam (ed.)
2012 Handbook of Hyper-Real Religions. Brill, Leiden.

Robertson, Venetia Laura Delano
2013 The Beast Within: Anthrozoomorphic Identity and Alterative Spirituality in the Online Therianthropy Movement. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 16(3): 7-30. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2013.16.3.7.
Sells, Laura
1995 ‘Where Do the Mermaids Stand?’ Voice and Body in the The Little Mermaid. In From Mouse to Mermaid: The Politics of Film, Gender and Culture, edited by Elizabeth Bell, Lynda Haas, and Laura Sells, 175-192. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Shildrick, Margrit
2002 Embodying the Monster: Encounters with the Vulnerable Self. Sage, London.
Steel, Karl
2012 Centaurs, Satyrs, and Cynocephali: Medieval Scholarly Teratology and the Question of the Human. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous, edited by Asa Mittman and Peter Dendle, 257-274. Ashgate, Surrey.
Thomson, Rosemarie Garland
1996 Introduction: From Wonder to Error: A Genealogy of Freak Discourse in Modernity. In Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body, edited by Rosemarie Garland Thomson, 1-19. New York University Press, New York.
Turgeon, Carolyn
2011a Mermaid: A Twist on a Classic Tale. Broadway, New York.
2011b Professional Mermaid Hannah Fraser. I Am A Mermaid. (February 3). Online: http://iamamermaid.com/2011/02/03/168/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
2011c Raina the Halifax Mermaid. I Am A Mermaid. (April 7). Online: http://iamamermaid.com/2011/04/07/raina-the-halifax-mermaid/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
2011d Mermaid Melissa and Saving the World’s Oceans. I Am A Mermaid. (April 19). Online: http://iamamermaid.com/2011/04/19/melissa-mermaid/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
2011e Professional Mermaid Linden Wolbert. I Am A Mermaid. (July 11). Online: http://iamamermaid.com/2011/07/11/professional-mermaid-linden-wolbert/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
2011f Mermaid Iona and the Mernetwork. I Am A Mermaid. (August 1). Online: http://iamamermaid.com/2011/08/01/mer-iona-and-the-mernetwork/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
2011g Mermaid Shelly. I Am A Mermaid. (August 4). Online: http://iamamermaid.com/2011/08/04/1379/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
2011h THE MERQUEENS by the Mertailor Eric Ducharme. I Am A Mermaid. (November 8). Online: http://iamamermaid.com/2011/11/08/the-merqueens-by-the-mertailor-eric-ducharme/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
2012a Mermaid Kae-Leah Williamson. I Am A Mermaid. (May 11). Online: http://iamamermaid.com/2012/05/11/mermaid-kae-leah-williamson/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
2012b Sora Dancing Mermaid. I Am A Mermaid. (21 November). Online:
http://iamamermaid.com/2012/11/21/sora-dancing-mermaid/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
2013 Neither Fish Nor Flesh. The New Inquiry. (1 August). Online: http://thenewinquiry.com/essays/neither-fish-nor-flesh/ (accessed September 30, 2013).
Virtue, Doreen
2012 Mermaids 101. Hayhouse, Sydney.
Weeki Wachee Springs
n.d. History of Weeki Wachee Springs. Online: http://weekiwachee.com/about-us/history-of-weeki-wachee-springs.html (accessed February 28, 2013).