Item Details

A Preliminary Report on Polish–Lebanese Excavations at the St. George’s (Mar Girgis) Church in Rachkida (Northern Lebanon)

Issue: Vol 6 No. 2 (2019)

Journal: Journal of Islamic Archaeology

Subject Areas:

DOI: 10.1558/jia.36308

Abstract:

The article discusses the results of limited fieldwork carried out in 2012 at the St. George’s (Mar Girgis) church near the village of Rachkida, about 9 km northeast of Batroun. The church, which was probably built by a local Christian community like other villages in the region, was founded on remains from the Byzantine period. As far as could be ascertained, the main body of the building is a three-aisled basilica extended to include a porch on the west side and an additional chapel with two apses at the east end. The church was used in the 12th and 13th centuries and may have kept its sacral function throughout the early Mamluk period, perhaps even later. Throughout its post-ecclesiastical history it functioned as a relatively well-preserved, freestanding roofed building. A large number of diverse finds from the Late Ottoman and French Mandate periods indicate frequent use as a shelter or even a place of temporary habitation. The medieval and post-medieval pottery from the site forms a small but nevertheless significant assemblage, offering unique insight into the local material culture of northern Lebanon. More importantly, it provides a preliminary analysis of several categories of pottery which, to date, have been absent or only cursorily mentioned in archaeological research from Lebanon.

Author: Piotr Makowski

View Full Text

References :

Abu Khalaf, M.

2009. “The Ottoman Pottery of Palestine.” In Reflections of Empire: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on the Pottery of the Ottoman Levant and Beyond, edited by B. J. Walker, 15–21. The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 64. Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research.

Antaki-Masson, P.

2012. “La ville franque de Tyr: visite guidée de ses défenses, son port, ses quartiers, ses monuments.” In L’histoire de Tyr au témoignage de l’archéologie, Actes du séminaire international (Tyr, 2011). BAAL Hors Série 8, edited by G. Layoun, 205–222. Beyrouth: Ministère de la Culture, Direction Générale des Antiquités.

2016. “Le monastère Saydet el Natour Enfé. Résultats de l’étude historique et de l’archéologie du bâti.” In “Mission archéologique d’Enfeh: Résultats préliminaires des travaux de prospection et de fouille de 2011 à 2015.” by
N. Panayot-Haroun with contributions by J. Abdul Massih, S. Amhaz,. P. Antaki-Masson, A. Chaaya, P. Courbon,
D. Etienne, X. Faivre, G. Gernez and E. Ishaq.
Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 16: 283–293.

Armstrong, P., and N. Günsein.

1995. “Glazed Pottery Production at Ganos.” Anatolia Antiqua 3: 165–201. https://doi.org/10.3406/anata.1995.1184

Arnauld, P., E. Llopis, and M. Bonifay.

1996. “Bey 027 Rapport préliminaire.” Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 1: 98–134.

Aubert, C.

1996. “Bey 002 Rapport préliminaire.” Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 1: 60–85.

Avissar, M.

1996. “The Medieval Pottery.” In Yoqne’am I: The Late Periods, edited by A. Ben-Tor, M. Avissar and Y. Portugali, 75–172. . Qedem Reports 3. Jerusalem: The Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

2005. “The Pottery.” In Tel Yoqne’am. Excavations on the Acropolis, by M. Avissar with contributions by E. Braun,
G. Finkielsztejn, Y. Gorin-Rosen, and R. Kool, 35
–78. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 25. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Authority.

2009. “Ottoman pottery assemblages from excavations in Israel.” In Reflections of Empire: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on the Pottery of the Ottoman Levant and Beyond, edited by B. J. Walker, 7–14. . The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 64. Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research.

Avissar, M. and E. J. Stern.

2005. Pottery of the Crusader. Ayyubid and Mamluk periods in Israel. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 26. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1fzhfd0

Bakirtzis, C.

1980. “Didymoteichon: Un centre de céramique post-byzantine.” Balkan Studies 21: 147–153.

Bartl, K.

2003. “Clay Pipes from Ottoman Beirut.” Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 7: 321–340.

Bartl, K. and A. Chaaya.

1999. “Islamic Settlement in the Plain of Akkar/Northern Lebanon, Preliminary Results.” AlʾUsur AlʾWusta, The Bulletin of Middle East Medievalist 11(2): 29–33.

Beaudoux, J.

2010. “La céramique de Yanouh-Kharayeb (campagne 2006).” In “Une campagne de sondages sur le tell Kharayeb à Yanouh (Liban) (printemps 2006),” by J.-Y. Monchambert, J. Bargman, J. Beaudoux, J. Cluny and E. Morvillez. Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 12: 73–95.

Boas, A.

2000. “Pottery and small finds from the Late Ottoman village and the Early Zionist settlement.” In Ramat Hanadiv Excavations. Final Report of the 1984–1998 Seasons, edited by Y. Hirschfeld, 547–580. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

Bouzek, J.

1996. “Bey 069 Sondage A.” Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 1: 135–147.

Chausson, F. and L. Nordiguian.

1996. “L’église de Ma’ad et ses inscriptions.” Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire 73: 37–46. https://doi.org/10.3406/syria.1996.7499

Chervát, P.

2002. “Medieval Pottery.” In “Czech excavations in Beirut, Martyrs’ Square (Bey 069), Sondage A, Part I, General Survey. Pottery and other small finds of Hellenistic, Early Roman and Medieval periods, Glass and metal objects,”by J. Bouzek. Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina 38: 56–66.

Cytryn-Silverman, K.

2010. “The Ceramic Evidence.” In Ramla: Final Report on the Excavations North of the White Mosque, edited by O. Gutfeld with contributions by N. Amitai-Preiss, K. Cytryn-Silverman, Y. Gorin-Rosen, E. Khamis, R. Laureys-Chachy, R. Nenner-Soriano, M. J. Pointing and N. Vilozny, 97–211.. Qedem. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 51. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Daiber, V.

2008. “The Fine Wares from Medieval Baalbek.” In Baalbek/Heliopolis. Results of Archaeological and Architectural Research 20022005: German–Lebanese Colloquium 2006, edited by M. van Ess, 289–317. . BAAL Hors Série 4. Beirut: Ministère de la Culture, Direction Générale des Antiquités.

Damali, A.

2011. History of Ottoman Coins. Vol. 3. İstanbul: Nilüfer Damali Egitim, Kültür ve Çevre Vakfi.

de Vincenz, A.

2011. “Ottoman Clay Tobacco Pipes from Ramla.” ʿAtiqot 67: 43–53.

2014. “Appendix: a Note on Ottoman Finds, Eli Cohen Street.” Excavations and Surveys in Israel 126. Internet edition: http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/images/Ashqlon-de-vinecnz.pdf

2016. “Chibouk Smoking Pipes: Secrets and Riddles of the Ottoman Past.” In Arise, Walk through the Land. Studies in the Archaeology and History of the Land of Israel in Memory of Yizhar Hirschfeld on the Tenth Anniversary of Demise, edited by J. Patrich, O. Peleg-Barkat and E. Ben-Yosef, 111–120. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society.

el-Masri, S.

1997–1998. “Medieval Pottery from Beirut’s Downtown Excavations. The First Results.” ARAM 9–10: 103–119. https://doi.org/10.2143/ARAM.9.1.2002170

Evans, J.

1996. “Bey 006 Islamic and Roman Period Pottery Preliminary Report.” Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 1: 218–223.

Fischer, S. and I. Taxel

2007. “Ancient Javne: Its History and Archaeology.” Tel Aviv 34(2): 204–284. https://doi.org/10.1179/tav.2007.2007.2.204

Fischer-Genz, B., H. Lehmann and V. Vezzoli.

2012. “Pots in a Corner: Ceramic and glass finds from a closed medieval context in Bustan Nassif (Baalbek).Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 14: 289–306.

François, V.

1995. “Byzantine ou ottomane? Une céramique peinte à l’engobe découverte en Méditerranée orientale.” Anatolia Antiqua 3: 203–217. https://doi.org/10.3406/anata.1995.1185

1999. Céramiques médiévales à Alexandrie: Contribution à l’histoire économique de la ville. Études alexandrines 2. Cairo: IFAO.

2008. Céramiques de la citadelle de Damas. Epoques mamelouke et ottomans. Interactive CD, Aix-en-Provence.

2009. “Céramiques d’époque ottomane à la Citadelle de Damas: Des découvertes archéologiques nouvelles au Bilâd al-Châm.” Al-Rāfidān: Journal of Western Asiatic Studies 30: 53–66.

2012. “Objets du quotidien à Damas à l’époque ottomane.” Bulletin d’études orientales 61: 475–506. https://doi.org/10.4000/beo.1038

François, V., A. Nicolaïdes, L. Vallauri and Y. Waksman.

2003. “Prémiers éléments pour une caractérisations productions de céramiques de Beyrouth entre de domination franque et mamelouke.” In Actes du VIIe Congrès International sur la Céramique Médiévale en Méditerranée, Thessalonique, 11–16 octobre 1999, edited by C. Bakirtzis, 325–340. Athènes: Caisse des Recettes Archéologiques.

François, V., and L. Vallauri.

2001. “Production et consommation de céramiques à Potamia (Chypre) de l’époque franque à l’époque ottomane.” Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 125(2): 523–546. https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.2001.7151

Gabrieli, R. S., Y. Waksman, A. Shapiro and A. Pecci.

2017. “Cypriot and Levantine cooking wares in Frankish Cyprus.” In Medieval Masterchef. Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on Eastern Cuisine and Western Foodways, edited by J. Vroom, Y. Waksman and R. Van Oosten, 119–145. . Medieval and Post-medieval Mediterranean Archaeology Series 2. Tornhout: Brespols. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.MPMAS-EB.5.113480

Gophna, R., I. Taxel and A. Feldstein.

2007. “Kafr ʿAna: a Rural Settlement in the Lod Valley.” Salvage Excavation Reports 4: 3–138.

Hakimian S. and H. Salamé-Sarkis.

1988. “Céramiques médiévales trouvées dans une citerne à Tell ʿArqa.” Syria: Archéologie, Art et histoire 65: 1–52. https://doi.org/10.3406/syria.1988.7050

Hankey, V.

1968 . “Pottery-making in Beit-Shaebab, Lebanon.” Palestinian Exploration Quarterly 100: 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1179/peq.1968.100.1.27

Hanssen, J.

2005. Fin de Siècle Beirut: the Making an Ottoman Provincial Capital. Oxford Historical Monographs, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Hayes, J. W.

1992. Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul, vol. 2: the Pottery. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Hélou, N.

2006. “A propos d’une école syro-libanaise d’icônes au XIIIe siècle.” Eastern Christian Art 3: 53–72. https://doi.org/10.2143/ECA.3.0.2018703

Homsy-Gottwalles, G.

2011. “Les céramiques glacurées de Beyrouth aux XIe–XIVe siècles: production et distribution.” In Byzantium in Early Islamic Syria. Proceedings of a Conference organized by the American University of Beirut and University of Balamand, June 1819, 2007, edited by N. M. El Cheikh and S. O’Sullivan, 171–189. Beirut: American University of Beirut and University of Balamand.

2012. “La céramique ottomane (XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles).” In Fascination du Liban. Soixante siècles d’histoire de religions, d’art et d’archéologie, edited by M. Martiniani-Reber, A. -M. Maïla Afeiche and M. -A. Haldimann, 223–227. Genève: Musées d’art et d’histoire de la Ville de Genève.

2012a. “Note sur les céramiques du couvent de Notre-Dame de Balamand.” In N. Panayot-Haroun et al., La monastère patrialcal de Notre-Dame de Balamand Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 14: 413–435.

2016. “The Medieval and Ottoman periods at Saydet el-Rih, Anfeh (Lebanon): Ceramic Evidence.” Berytus: Archaeological Studies 56: 313–349.

2017. “Beyrouth post-médiévale. Étude de cas: la céramique.” In Glazed Pottery of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea Region, 10th to 18th centuries, edited by S. Bocharov, V. François and A. Sitdikov, 245–259. Kazan, Kishinev: A. Kh. Khalikov Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Science of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Immerzeel, M.

2009. Identity Puzzles: Medieval Christian Art in Syria and Lebanon. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 8. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.

Issawi, C.

1977. “British Trade and the Rise of Beirut, 1830–1860.” International Journal of the Middle East Studies 8(1): 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800026775

Liaros, N.

2018. “Late Ottoman Tableware from Didymoteicho and Some Notes on the Pots’ Form, Function, and Identity.” In The XIth Congress on AIECM3 Medieval and Modern Period Mediterranean Ceramics Proceedings, 1924 October, 2015 Antalya, vol. 1, edited by F. Yenişehirlioğlu, 203–216. Ankara: Koç Üniversitesi.

Major, B.

2015. Medieval Rural Settlements in the Syrian Coastal Region (12th and 13th centuries). Central European Archaeological Heritage Series 9. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Matson, F. R.

1974. “The Archaeological Present: Near Eastern Village Potters at Work.” American Journal of Archaeology 78(4): 345–347. https://doi.org/10.2307/502748

Milwright, M.

2000. “Pottery of Bilad al-Sham in the Ottoman Period: A Review of the Published Archaeological Evidence.” Levant 32(1): 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1179/lev.2000.32.1.189

2008. “Imported Pottery in Ottoman Bilad al-Sham.” Turcica 40: 121–152. https://doi.org/10.2143/TURC.40.0.2037137

Mouawad, R. J.

2001–2002. “The District of Lower Batroun (Lebanon) During the Time of Crusaders: Part One, Kfar Chlamaine.” Mélanges de l’Univisitré Saint Joseph 63: 411–441.

Nordiguian, L.

2013. “Chapelles rurales médiévales dans le territoire du comté de Tripoli (Liban): essai typologique.” In Les églises en monde syriaque, edited by F. Briquel-Chatonnet, 169–196. Études syriaques 10. Paris: Geuthner.

Nordiguian, L. and J. -C. Voisin.

2009. Châteaux et églises du Moyen Âge au Liban. Beirut: Terra du Liban.

Peretz, I.

2014. “Ashqelon, Eli Cohen Street.” Excavations and Surveys in Israel 126 Internet edition. http://www.hadashotesi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=13668&mag_id=121

Perring, D., H. Seeden, P. Sheehan and T. Williams.

1996. “Bey 006, 1994–1995 The Souks Area. Interim Report of the AUB Project.” Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 1: 176–206.

 

Pieri, D.

2004. “3H – Phase 6: Époque médiévale et moderne.” In “Mission de Yanouh et de la haute vallée du Nahr Ibrahim Rapport préliminaire 2002,” by P.-L. Gatier, G. Charpentier, M. Haïdar Boustani, R. Harfouche, F. Mercier,
D. Pieri, P. Poupet and T. Zaven.
Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 6: 248–249.

2005. “Note préliminaire sur la céramiques d’Ej-Jaouzé.” In “Ej-Jaouzé (Metn, Liban), Mission de 2003,” by L. Nacouzi with contributions by F. Alpi, and D. Pieri. Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 8: 252–261.

Pieri, D. and N. Haidar-Vela.

2012. “Études sur le mobilier et l’artisanat: les céramiques (2008–2009).” In “Mission archéologique de Tyr – Rapport préliminaire 2008–2009,” by P.-L. Gatier, A. Baud, D. Cahu, G. Charpentier, A. Devillechaise, C. Duvette, M. el-Masri Hachem, P. Ferreira, A. Flammin, N. Haidar-Vela, X. Husson, H. Kahwagi-Janho, C. Piaton, D. Pieri, and A. Schmitt, with contribution by T. Zaven. Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 14: 199–221.

Pieri, D. and M.-O. Rousset.

2003. “Yanouh et la haute vallée du Nahr Ibrahim: la céramique.” In “Mission de Yanouh et de la haute vallée du Nahr Ibrahim Rapport préliminaire 1999–2001,” by P.-L. Gatier, G. Charpentier, R. Harfouche, M. Al-Maqdissi, F. Mercier, L. Nordiguian, D. Pieri, P. Poupet and M.-O. Rousset. Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 5: 114–131.

Pringle, D.

1982. “Church-building before the Crusaders.” In Crusader Art in the Twelfth Century, edited by J. Folda, 5–46. British Archaeological Reports International Series 152. Oxford: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.

1985. “Medieval Pottery from Caesarea: The Crusader Period.” Levant 17(1): 171–202. https://doi.org/10.1179/lev.1985.17.1.171

1986. The Red Tower (al-Burj al-Ahmar): Settlement in the Plain of Sharon at the Time of the Crusaders and Mamluks A.D. 1099–1516. British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem Monograph Series 1. London: The British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.

Robinson, R.

1983. “Clay Tobacco Pipes from Kerameikos.” Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Institut Athenische Abteilung 98: 265–285.

1985. “Tobacco Pipes of Corith and the Athenian Agora.” Hesperia: Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 53: 149–203. https://doi.org/10.2307/147907

Rosser, J.

1985. “Excavations at Saranda Kolones. Paphos, Cyprus 1981–1983.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 39: 81–97. https://doi.org/10.2307/1291516

Sader, Y.

1997. Painted Churches and Rock-cut Chapels of Lebanon. Beirut: Dar Sader.

Salamé-Sarkis, H.

1980. Contribution à l’histoire de Tripoli et de sa région à l’époque Croisades. Problèmes d’histoire, d’architecture et de céramique. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 106. Beyrouth, Damas, Amman: Institut Français d’Archéologie du Proche-Orient.

Salem, H.

2009. “An Ethno-archaeological Approach to Ottoman Pottery: The Case of “Gaze Gray Ware”. In Reflections of Empire: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on the Pottery of the Ottoman Levant and Beyond, edited by
B. J. Walker, 23–37. The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 64.
Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research.

Sarre, F.

1925. “Die Kleinfunde.” In Baalbek III: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898 bis 1905, edited by T. Wiegand, 113–141. Berlin: Vereinigung Wissenschaftlicher Verleger.

Schaendlinger, A. C.

1973. Osmanische Numismatik von den Anfängen des Osmanischen Reiches bis zu seiner Auflösung 1922. Braunschweig: Klinkhardt und Biermann.

Seeden, H. and S. el-Masri.

1999. “Michael Meinecke, Islamic Archaeology and Beirut.” Damaszener Mitteilungen 11: 391–402.

Shaefer, J.

1989. “Archaeological Remains from the Medieval Islamic Occupation of the Northwest Negev Desert.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 274: 33–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/1357052

Shapiro, A. and E. J. Stern.

2012. “Beirut Frankish Plain Ware (BE.PL).” The Levantine Ceramics Project Internet edition. https://www.levantineceramics.org/wares/beirut-frankish-plain-ware-be-pl

Shehadeh, L.

2006. “The Pottery Collection of Sūq Ḥarāj.” In “The Restoration Project of Sūq Ḥarāj in Tripoli,” by T. Weber et al. Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 10: 328–335.

Simpson, S. J.

2002. “Ottoman pipes from Zirʾin (Tell Jezreel).” Levant 34(1): 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1179/lev.2002.34.1.159

2011. “Analyzing the Recent Past: The archaeology of death, pastoralism, pots and pipes in the Ottoman Jazira and beyond.” Al-Rāfidān: Journal of Western Asiatic Studies 32: 1–46.

Sinibaldi, M.

2013. “The pottery from the 11th–20th centuries from the FJHP survey. Ceramics, Settlement and Pilgrimage at Jabal Hārūn during Later Islamic Periods (with Appendixes).” In Petra – The Mountain of Aaron: The Finnish Archaeological Project in Jordan, vol. 3. The Archaeological Survey, edited by P. Kouki, and M. Lavento, 169–198. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica.

Stern, E. J.

1997. “Excavation at the Courthouse site at ʿAkko: The Pottery of the Crusader and Ottoman Periods.” ʿAtiqot 31: 35–70.

2012. ʿAkko I. The 1991–1998 Excavations. The Crusader-period Pottery. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 51/1–2. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

2013. “Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk-Period Remains from Tiberias.” ʿAtiqot 76: 183–208.

2013a. “The Fatimid, Crusader, Mamluk-Early and Ottoman Ceramic Finds from the ʿAkko Marina: Some Insights into Medieval Maritime Activity.” ʿAtiqot 76: 139–168.

2014. “The Crusader, Mamluk and Early Ottoman-Period Pottery from Khirbat Dinʿila: Typology, Chronology, Production and Consumption Trends.” ʿAtiqot 78: 71–104.

2014a. “Imported pottery from the late Mamluk and Ottoman Periods at al Waṭa Quarter, Safed (Ẓefat).” ʿAtiqot 78: 143–151.

2016. “The Ceramic Evidence from the Ottoman Flour Mills in the Ridwan Gardens, ʿAkko.” ʿAtiqot 87: 83–96.

Stern, E. J. and Y. Waksman.

2003. “Pottery from Crusader Acre: A Typological and Analytical Study.” In Actes du VIIe Congrès International sur la céramique médiévale en Méditerranée, Thessalonique, 11–16 octobre 1999, edited by C. Bakirtzis, 167–180. Athènes: Caisse des Recettes Archéologiques.

Syon, D. and E. J. Stern.

2014. “Excavation at the Dar el-Gharbiya Neighborhood of Kafr Yasif: a Crusader Estate in the Territory of ʿAkko.” ʿAtiqot 79: 233–261.

Tekkök, B.

2011. “Remnants of Çanakkale Glazed Ware Production: a Long Tradition of Glazing in the Troad Region.” Near Eastern Archaeology 74(4): 226–235. https://doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.74.4.0226

Thalmann, J. -P.

1978. “Tell ʿArqa (Liban nord), Campagnes I–III (1972–1974).” Syria: Archéologie, Art et histoire 55: 1–104. https://doi.org/10.3406/syria.1978.6626

Toueir, K.

1973. “Céramiques mameloukes à Damas.” Bulletin d’études orientales 26: 209–217.

Tsuk, T., I. Bordowicz and I. Taxel.

2016 . “Majdal Yābā: The History and Material Culture of a Fortified Village in the Late Ottoman–British Mandate-Palestine.” Journal of Islamic Archaeology 3(1): 37–88. https://doi.org/10.1558/jia.v3i1.31876

Turquety-Periset, F.

1982. “Fouilles à la municipalité de Beyrouth (1977).” Syria: Archéologie, Art et histoire 59: 1–76. https://doi.org/10.3406/syria.1982.6748

van der Lingen, B.

2003. “Smoking in the Ottoman Empire and an Introduction to the Clay Tobacco Pipes from Beirut Souks Excavations.” Berytus: Archaeological Studies 47: 129–142.

van der Steen, E.

1997–1998. “What happened to Arabic Geometric Pottery in Beirut?” ARAM 9: 121–127. https://doi.org/10.2143/ARAM.9.1.2002171

Vezzoli, V.

2011. “Preliminary Considerations on Ceramic Productions of the Islamic Period from the Middle Orontes Region: A Representative Assemblage from Apamea.” Al Rafidan: Journal of Western Asiatic Studies 32: 258–275.

2015. “The Area of Bustan Nassif (Baalbek) between the 12th and the early 15th century: The ceramic evidence.” In Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Medieval Pottery in the Mediterranean, Silves and Mértola, 22–27 October 2012, edited by M.J. Gonçalves., and S. Gómez-Martínez, 133–138. Silves: Câmara Municipal de Silves & Campo Arqueológico de Mértola.

von Wartburg, M.-L.

2001. “Types of Imported Tableware at Kouklia in the Ottoman Period.” Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus 2001: 361–396.

Vorderstrasse, T.

2011. “Painted churches of Medieval Lebanon: An Overview.” Chronos: Revue d’Histoire de l’Universitéde Balamand 24: 129–161. https://doi.org/10.31377/chr.v24i0.433

Vroom, J.

2014. Byzantine to Modern Pottery in the Aegean (7th to 20th Century): An Introduction and Field Guide. Second and Revised Edition. Turhout: Brepols.

Waksman, Y.

2002. “Céramiques levantines de l’époque des croisades. Le cas des productions à pâte rouge des ateliers de Beyrouth.” Révue d’archéométrie 26: 67–77. https://doi.org/10.3406/arsci.2002.1024

Waliszewski, T., K. Chmielewski, M. Immerzeel and N. Hélou.

2013. “The Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus in Kaftūn (Northern Lebanon) and Its Wall Paintings. Preliminary Report 2009–2010” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 67: 291–322.

Walker, B. J.

2005. “The Northern Jordan Survey 2003, Agriculture in Late Islamic Malka and Hubras villages: A preliminary report of the first season.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 339: 67–111. https://doi.org/10.1086/BASOR25066903

2009. “Identifying the Late Islamic period ceramically: Preliminary observations on Ottoman wares from Central and Northern Jordan.” In Reflections of Empire: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on the Pottery of the Ottoman Levant and Beyond, edited by B. J Walker, 37–67. The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 64. Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research.

Ziadeh, G.

1995. “Ottoman Ceramics from Tiʾinnik, Palestine.” Levant 27(1): 209–245. https://doi.org/10.1179/lev.1995.27.1.209