Item Details

“The Necessary Ornaments of Place”: Similarity and Alterity in the Persianate Imaginary

Issue: Vol 13 No. 1-2 (2017) Special Issue: Iranian Cosmopolitanism

Journal: Comparative Islamic Studies

Subject Areas: Religious Studies Islamic Studies

DOI: 10.1558/cis.32630

Abstract:

This article analyzes representations of place in seventeenth-century texts to consider how early modern Persians made sense of the world. The Persian formulation of alterity stands in contrast to Edward Said’s formulation about Orientalism, by which Europe makes itself into the West. In early modern Persianate Asia, common representations of place appear in geographical and travel writing. These shared features, which I call ornaments, adorned both places that shared a learned Persian language, Muslim rule, and those beyond, in other parts of Asia and Africa. The presence or absence of these ornaments made the world intelligible for early modern Persians, creating categories of similarity and alterity that were partial, diffuse, and aporetic, defying the self-other distinctions of Orientalism. This form of knowledge about the self and the world then generated the possibility for encounters different from both modern colonial power and the nation-state.

Author: Mana Kia

View Original Web Page

References :

Alam, Muzaffar, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. 2007. Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries, 1400–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Anidjar, Gil. September 2009. “Symmetrism.” In Middle East Institute Viewpoints (Orientalism’s Wake: The Ongoing Politics of a Polemic) 12: 4–6.

Anooshahr, Ali. 2014. “Shirazi scholars and the Political Culture of the Sixteenth Century Indo-Persian World.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 55(3): 331–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019464614536015

Antrim, Zayde. 2012. Routes and Realms: The Power of Place in the Early Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199913879.001.0001

Ārzū, Sirāj al-dīn ʿAlī Khān. 2004–2006. Tazkira-yi majmaʿ al-nafāʾis. Edited by Zib al-Nissāʾ ʿAlī Khān, Mihr Nūr Muhammad Khān, and Muhammad Sarfarāz Zafar. 3 vols. Islamabad: Markaz-i Tahqīqāt-i Fārsī-i Iran va Pakistan.

Aslanian, Sebouh David. 2011. From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Awrangābādī, Shāhnavāz Khān. 1888–1892. Maʾāsir al- ʾumarā. Edited by Mawlavī ʿAbd al-Rahīm. 3 vols. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal.

———. 1979. The Maasiru-l-Umarā, being biographies of the Muhammadan and Hindu officers of the Timurid sovereigns of India from 1500 to about 1780 A.D. Translated by Henry Beveridge. Edited by Baini Prashad. 2nd edition. 2 vols in 3. Patna: Janaki Prakashan.

Babayan, Kathryn. 2003. Mystics, Monarchs and Messiah: Cultural Landscape of Early Modern Iran. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bashir, Shahzad. 2014. “On Islamic Time: Rethinking Chronology in the Historiography of Muslim Societies,” History and Theory 53(4): 519–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/hith.10729

———. 2015. “A Perso-Islamic Universal Chronicle in its Historical Context: Ghiyas al-Din Khwandamir’s Habib al-siyar.” In Historiography and Religion, edited by Jörg Rüpke, Susanne Rau and Bernd-Christian Otto, 207–223. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Berlekamp, Persis. 2011. Wonder, Image, and Cosmos in Medieval Islam. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

———. 2015. “Administering Art, History, and Science in the Mongol Empire.” In Pearls on a String: Artists, Patrons, and Poets at the Great Islamic Courts, edited by Amy S. Landau, 66–68. Baltimore, MD: The Walters Art Museum.

Bihbahānī, Āqā Ahmad ibn Muhammad ʿAlī. 1993 [1372 AH]. Mirʾāt al-ahvāl-i jahān numā. Edited by ʿAlī Davvānī. Tehran: Markaz-i Farhangī-yi Qibla.

Binbaş, İlker Evrim. 2016. Intellectual Networks in Timurid Iran: Sharaf al-Dīn ʿAlī Yazdī and the Islamicate Republic of Letters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107286368

Chittick, William C. 2013. Divine Love: Islamic Literature and the Path to God. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Cole, Juan R. I. 1996. “Mirror of the World: Iranian ‘Orientalism’ and Early 19th-Century India.” Critique: Journal for Critical Studies of the Middle East 8(8): 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669929608720081

Dabashi, Hamid. 2007. Iran: A People Interrupted. New York: New Press.

Derrida, Jacques. 1993. Aporias: Dying--Awaiting (One Another at) the “Limits of Truth” (Mourir--s’attendre aux “limites de la vérité”). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

———. 1998. The Monolingualism of the Other: The Prosthesis of Origin. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Faruqui, Munis D. 2012. Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gulchīn Maʿānī, Ahmad. 1980 [1359 AH]. Tazkira-yi paymāna. Mashhad: Intishārāt-i Dānishgāh-i Mashhad.

Hanaoka, Mimi. 2016. Authority and Identity in Medieval Islamic Historiography: Persian Histories from the Peripheries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316411506

Khan, Hakīm Mahārat. Bahjat al- ʿālam. I.O. Islamic 2409, British Library. compiled by in 1130/1718, copied in 1211/1797.

Kia, Mana. 2013. “Limning the Land: Social Encounters and Historical Meaning in Early 19th-century Travelogues between Iran and India.” In On the Wonders of Land and Sea: Persianate Travel Writing, edited by Roberta Micallef and Sunil Sharma, 44–67. Boston, MA: Ilex, Distributed by Harvard University Press.

———. 2014. “Imagining Iran before Nationalism: Geocultural Meanings of Land in Azar’s Ātashkadah.” In Rethinking Iranian Nationalism and Modernity,
edited by Kamran Aghaie
and Afshin Marashi, 89–112. Austin: University of Texas Press.

———. Forthcoming. Persianate Selves: Memories of Place and Origin before Nationalism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Kinra, Rajeev. 2015. Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.3

Lefèvre, Corrine. 2012. “The Majālis-i Jahāngīrī (1608–1611): Dialogue and Asiatic Otherness at the Mughal Court.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 55: 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341236

Losensky, Paul E. Forthcoming. “Biographical Writing: Tadhkere and Manȃqeb.” In A History of Persian Literature, volume 5: Persian Prose, edited by Bo Utas. New York: I. B. Tauris.

Marcinkowski, M. Ismail. 2002. “The Iranian-Siamese Connection: An Iranian Community in the Thai Kingdom of Ayutthaya.” Iranian Studies 35(1/3): 23–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210860208702010

Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. 2016. “Astrology, Lettrism, Geomancy: The Occult-Scientific Methods of Post-Mongol Islamicate Imperialism.” The Medieval History Journal 19(1): 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971945815626316

———. 2018. “Early Modern Islamicate Empire: New Forms of Religiopolitical Legitimacy.” in The Wiley-Blackwell History of Islam and Islamic Civilization, edited by Armando Salvatore, Roberto Tottoli, and Babak Rahimi, 353–375. Malden, MA: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118527719.ch17

Memon, M. U. 1989. “Amin Ahmad Razi,” Encyclopedia Iranica. I/9: 939. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/razi-amin-ahmad (accessed online January 25, 2015).

Mitchell, Colin Paul. 2009. The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric. London: I.B. Tauris.

Moin, A. Azfar. 2012. The Millennial Sovereign: Sacred Kingship and Sainthood in Islam. New York: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/moin16036

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat 1989. The Spirit of the Laws, translated and edited by Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller and Harold Samuel Stone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nasrābādī, Muhammad Tāhir.1999. Tazkira-yi Nasrābādī, edited by Ahmad Mudaqqiq Yazdī. Yazd: Dānishgāh-i Yazd.

Pagden, Anthony. 2000. “Stoicism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Legacy of European Imperialism.” Constellations 7(1): 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.00167

Pollock, Sheldon. 2006. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Quinn, Sholeh A. 2003. “The Timurid Historiographical Legacy: A Comparative Study of Persianate Historical Writing.” In Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid Period, edited by Andrew J. Newman, 19–32. Leiden: Brill.

Muhammad Rabiʿ ibn Muhammad Ibrāhīm. 1999 [1378 AH]. Safīna-yi Sulaymānī: Safarnāma-yi safīr-i Irān ba Sīʾām. Edited by ʿAbbās Fārūqī. 2nd edition. Tehran: Muʾassasa-yi Intishārāt va chāp-i Dānishgāh-i. Tehran: Pāʾīz

———. 1972. The Ship of Sulaimān. Translated by John O’Kane. New York: Columbia University Press.

Rāzī, Amīn ibn Ahmad. 1999 [1378 AH]. Tazkira-yi haft iqlīm. Edited by Muhammad Rizā Tāhirī. 3 volumes. Tehran: Surūsh.

———. 1960. Haft iqlīm, edited by Javād Fāzil. 3 volumes. Tehran: Kitābfurūshī-i ʿAlī Akbar ʿIlmī va Kitābfurūshī-i Adabīya.

Ricoeur, Paul, 1990. Time and Narrative. Vol. 1, translated by Kathleen McLaughlin and David Pellauer. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Said, Edward W. 1978. Orientalism New York: Vintage.

Saʿdī Shirazi, Shaykh Mushrifuddin. 2008. The Gulistan, Rose Garden of Saʿdi: Bilingual English and Persian Edition with Vocabulary, translated by Wheeler M. Thackston. Bethesda, MA: Ibex.

———. Gulistān. MS Persian 62. Houghton Library, Harvard University.

Sapra, Rahul. 2011. The Limits of Orientalism: Seventeenth-Century Representations of India. Newark: University of Delaware Press.

Sood, Gagan D. S. 2016. India and the Islamic Heartlands: An Eighteenth-Century World of Circulation and Exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316393581

Steingass, Francis Joseph. 1892. A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature. London: Routledge & K. Paul.

Tāhirī, Muhammad Rizā. 1999 [1378 AH]. Preface to Tazkira-yi haft iqlīm, by Amin ibn Ahmad Razi, edited by Muhammad Rizā Tāhirī. 3 volumes. Tehran: Surūsh.

Tavakoli-Targhi, Mohamad. 2001. Refashioning Iran: Orientalism, Occidentalism, and Historiography. New York: Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403918413

Truschke, Audrey. 2016. Culture of Encounters: Sanskrit at the Mughal Court. New York: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/trus17362