References :

Primary Sources

Apadāna: references to volume and page of Lilley:

Lilley, Mary E. ed. 1925–1927. The Apadāna of the Khuddaka Nikāya. 2 vols. London: The Pali Text Society.

Avadānaśataka: references to story number:

Speyer, J. S. ed. 1958. Avadānaçataka: A century of edifying tales belonging to the Hīnayāna. The Hague: Mouton.

Jātakamālā of Āryaśūra: references to story number:

Khoroche, Peter, trans. 1989. When the Buddha Was a Monkey: Ārya Śūra’s Jātakamālā. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Speyer, J. S. ed. 1895. The Jātakamālā: Garland of Birth-Stories of Ārya-śūra. Sacred Books of the Buddhists vol. 1. London: Henry Frowde.

Jātakatthavaṇṇanā: references to story number:

Appleton, Naomi and Sarah Shaw, trans. 2015. The Ten Great Birth Stories of the Buddha: The Mahānipāta of the Jātakatthavaṇṇanā. 2 vols. Chiang Mai: Silkworm.

Cowell, E. B. ed. (several translators). 1895–1907. The Jātaka, or Stories of the Buddha’s Former Births. 6 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fausbøll, V. ed. 1877–1896. The Jātaka Together with its Commentary being Tales of the Anterior Births of Gotama Buddha. 6 vols. London: Trübner.

Mahābhārata: references to book, chapter and verse of Critical Edition:

Sukthankar, Vishnu Sitaram, Sripad Krishna Belvalkar, Parashuram Laksman Vaidya et al., eds. 1933–1966. The Mahābhārata for the First Time Critically Edited. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.

Mahāvastu: references to volume and page of Senart:

Jones, J. J. trans. 1949–1956. The Mahāvastu. 3 vols. London: Luzac.

Senart, Émile, ed. 1882–1897. Mahāvastu. 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.

Paramattha-jotikā: references to volume and page of Smith:

Smith, Helmer. ed. 1916–1918. Paramattha-jotikā. 2 vols. London: The Pali Text Society.

Sutta-nipāta: references to page of Andersen and Smith:

Andersen, Dines and Helmer Smith. eds. 1913. Sutta-Nipāta. London: The Pali Text Society.

Uttarajjhāyā: references to chapter and verse as in Charpentier:

Charpentier, Jarl. ed. 1922. Uttarādhyayanasūtra. Uppsala: Appelbergs Boktryckeri Aktiebolag.

Jacobi, Hermann. trans. 1895. Jaina Sūtras Part II. The Sacred Books of the East volume 45. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

Secondary Sources

Appleton, Naomi. 2017. Shared Characters in Jain, Buddhist and Hindu Narrative: Gods, Heroes and Kings. Abingdon: Routledge.

———. 2019. ‘Dialogues with Solitary Buddhas’. In In Dialogue with Classical Indian Traditions: Encounter, Transformation, and Interpretation, edited by Brian Black and Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad, 37–50. Abingdon: Routledge.

Fujita, Kotatsu trans. Leon Hurvitz. 1985. ‘One Vehicle or Three?’ Journal of Indian Philosophy 3(1–2): 79–166.

Gombrich, Richard F. 1979. Review of Kloppenborg 1974, in Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 74(1): 78–80

Jones, Dhivan Thomas. 2014. ‘Like the Rhinoceros, or Like its Horn? The Problem of the Khaggavisāṇa Revisited’. Buddhist Studies Review 31(2): 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.v31i2.165

Katz, Nathan. 1982. Buddhist Images of Human Perfection: The Arahant of the Sutta Piṭaka Compared with the Bodhisattva and Mahāsiddha. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Kloppenborg, Ria. 1974. The Paccekabuddha: A Buddhist Ascetic. Leiden: Brill.

Norman, K. R. 1983. ‘The Pratyeka-Buddha in Buddhism and Jainism’. In Buddhist Studies: Ancient and Modern, edited by Philip Denwood and Alexander Piatigorsky, 92–106. London: Curzon.

Poolsuwan, Samerchai. 2016. ‘Iconography and Symbolism of the Pacceka Buddhas in the Art of Pagan’. Artibus Asiae 76(1): 37–80.

Ray, Reginald A. 1994. Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Walters, Jonathan. 1990. ‘The Buddha’s Bad Karma: A Problem in the History of Theravāda Buddhism’. Numen 37(1): 70–95.

Wiltshire, Martin G. 1990. Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism: The Emergence of Gautama as the Buddha. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110858563