This chapter will briefly review the history of refugee settlement in Australia, before going on to identify the major groups of refugee children and youth who currently come to the country. It will then discuss the needs of each group, drawing attention to the legal, structural and political difficulties that can often impede the progress of refugee children and youth. In addition, the chapter will consider those educational programmes that offer positive learning experiences to refugee children. Finally, in the light of the discussion, it will conclude with some observations about the types of best practices that are needed for refugee children in the future.