References :

1. S. Flury, “The Kufic inscriptions of Kizimkazi Mosque, Zanzibar, 1107 A.D.” Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society 1922: 257–264 and M. Schneider, Stèles funéraires musulmanes des îles Dahlak
(mer Rouge), 2 vols., IFAO, 1983.

2. Mark Horton, Shanga. The Archaeology of a Muslim Trading Community on the Coast of East Africa (BIEA,
Nairobi, 1996), 303–304; Bing Zhao, “Global Trade and Swahili Cosmopolitan Material Culture: Chinese-
Style Ceramic Shards from Sanje ya Kati and Songo Mnara (Kilwa, Tanzania),” Journal of World
History 23(1), 41–85, 2012; Stéphane Pradines and Gwénaël Herviaux, “Dembéni, un site urbain
bipolaire? Mayotte, rapport intermédiaire 2014”, in Nyame Akuma 83, 2015, 128–141.

3. Horton, Shanga, 303–310.

4. Through IFPO’s excavations in Islamic Cairo of the last fifteen years, we have gained a solid familiarity
with this material.

5. Pradines, “L’île de Sanjé ya Kati (Kilwa, Tanzanie), un mythe shirazi bien réel,” Azania, 44(1), 49– 73,
2009.

6. Pradines, “To the Sources of the Ivory: the Bilad al-Zanj and the Dar al-Fil,” in Ivory trade and
Exchange in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, Myriam Wissa ed., forthcoming.

7. M. Kervran, Qalʿat al-Bahrein. A Trading and Military Outpost (Turnhout, Brepols, 426pp., 2005); Axelle
Rougeulle Dir., Sharma. Un entrepôt de commerce médiéval sur la côte du Hadramawt (Yémen, ca. 980–
1180) (British Foundation for the Study of Arabia Monographs 17, ArchaeoPress, Oxford, 2015,
559pp.).

8. N. Chittick, Kilwa an Islamic Trading City on the East African Coast (BIEA, Nairobi, 1974, 2 vols., 514pp),
and Manda: Excavations at an Island Port on the Kenya Coast (BIEA, Nairobi, 1984, 258pp.).

9. Horton, Shanga, 1996 and Pradines, S. Gedi, une cité portuaire swahilie. Islam médiéval en Afrique orientale
(IFAO, Cairo, 302pp., 2010).